De acuerdo al Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad, el agua potable del país necesita mejoras en infraestructura y regulación para evitar este posible destino.
México podría llegar al final de la década con la menor disponibilidad de agua por habitante desde que existen registros, por lo que el país deberá actualizar los marcos legales y regulatorios para el manejo de este elemento, así como como modernizar la infraestructura hidráulica, recomendó el Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO).
De acuerdo con datos del Banco Mundial, la disponibilidad de agua en México ha disminuido drásticamente a lo largo de las últimas décadas.
Mientras que en 1960 la disponibilidad promedio anual per cápita era de 10 mil metros cúbicos, para 2012 alcanzó los 4 mil metros cúbicos. Es probable que para 2030, esta cifra se ubique por debajo de los 3 mil metros cúbicos por habitante.
El sector agropecuario es el principal consumidor de agua del país. Tan solo en 2020, este sector se apropió del 76 por ciento del total de agua concesionada para riego de cultivos y ganadería.
Un 15 por ciento se destina al abastecimiento público, que es aquel que llega a domicilios, industrias y otros usuarios que estén conectados a la red concesionada. El resto se divide entre la industria autoabastecida y las centrales termoeléctricas.
¿Qué hay que hacer para evitar falta de agua?
Para el IMCO, hay cuatro grandes áreas de oportunidad para afrontar el reto de la disponibilidad del agua.
En primer lugar, está el agua que proviene de cuerpos de agua superficiales (ríos, arroyos, lagos, embalses, lagunas, humedales, océanos y mares). En México, el 60 por ciento del agua potable proviene de estas fuentes.
“El principal problema de las aguas superficiales es la contaminación, en particular por las aguas residuales, ya sean domésticas, industriales, agrícolas o ganaderas, que en la mayoría de los casos son vertidas sin tratamiento previo y que contienen elementos y sustancias contaminantes disueltas”, subrayó el IMCO.
Como segundo punto, se encuentran las aguas subterráneas, cuyo principal problema es que se encuentran en riesgo de sobreexplotación.
“La sobreexplotación afecta tanto el abasto humano como las actividades agropecuarias e industriales, al mismo tiempo eleva los costos de extracción del agua y ocasiona hundimientos en el terreno”.
En un tercer tema, sobresalen las ‘lluvias’. La precipitación promedio anual a nivel nacional ha aumentado a través del tiempo, potencialmente debido al cambio climático. Sin embargo, este fenómeno no se ha presentado en todas las entidades federativas con la misma intensidad.
“En la Ciudad de México y el Estado de México la precipitación se redujo entre 2000 y 2021, mientras que durante este mismo periodo aumentó en estados como Campeche, Quintana Roo, Veracruz y Guanajuato”, resaltó el think tank.
Finalmente están las sequías, que tan solo en 2021 se registraron 8 mil 491, de las cuales 71 por ciento fueron severas (riesgo de pérdidas de cultivos), 26 por ciento fueron extremas (pérdidas de cultivos e incendios forestales) y 3 por ciento fueron sequías excepcionales (escasez total de agua en embalses, arroyos y pozos).
El IMCO propuso una serie de medidas para poner manos a la obra ante estas problemáticas, como mejorar el monitoreo del uso del agua, desarrollar proyectos climáticos en el sector ganadero y agricultor, evaluar y actualizar la delimitación de los acuíferos en que se encuentra dividido el país, donde sobresalgan criterios geofísicos en vez de geopolíticos, entre otros.
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