INSPIRACIÓN EN LA SALA DE MÁQUINAS
James Ritty llegó a obsesiornarse por las continuas desapariciones de dinero de sus negocios y se pasaba el tiempo pensando en encontrar una solución al problema. Tal era su preocupación que sufrió un colapso y se vio obligado tomarse un descanso. Decidió hacer un viaje de vacaciones por Europa sin saber que ese viajes se convertiría en el punto de inflexión para sus negocios. Durante la travesía, Ritty se hizo amigo del ingeniero jefe del barco en el que atravesaba el Atlántico. Aprovechando sus conocimientos de mecánica, muy pronto tuvo acceso a la sala de máquinas, donde quedó fascinado con el mecanismo automático que registraba las revoluciones del eje de la hélice del barco. Con sus pensamientos aún centrados en las pérdidas que sufrían sus tiendas, Ritty sintió una inspiración y pensó: “Si se pueden registrar los movimientos de la hélice de un barco, no hay razón para que no se puedan registrar los movimientos de ventas en una tienda. Hay un gran campo para una máquina que puede hacer este trabajo”.
Aprovechando sus conocimientos de mecánica muy pronto tuvo acceso a la sala de máquinas del barco donde quedó fascinado con el mecanismo automático que registraba las revoluciones del eje de la hélice del barco.
Así, la idea de la caja registradora empezó a tomar forma en la mente de James Ritty. Ya en Europa, no podía dejar de pensar en su futuro invento, de tal modo que al final interrumpió sus vacaciones y regresó a Dayton. A su llegada, contó su proyecto a su hermano John, y juntos se pusieron manos a la obra en la creación de un invento que iba a cambiar la manera en que los negocios recaudaban sus ganancias por cada venta. El primer modelo de caja registradora producido por los hermanos Ritty tenía dos filas de llaves en la parte frontal inferior de la máquina y al presionar cada una de las teclas, que representaba una cantidad individual de dinero, el importe quedaba registrado en una especie de esfera muy parecida a la de un reloj de pared o un medidor de vapor. Al principio no había un cajón para guardar el efectivo, pero aunque incompleta, esta máquina se convertiría en la primera destinada a proteger las ganancias diarias de los comerciantes en los años venideros.
PRIMEROS MODELOS
Con el tiempo, el “cajero incorruptible” de Ritty indicaba tanto al consumidor como al propietario el importe exacto de la venta, algo que hasta el momento no se podía observar en las primeras cajas inventadas por los hermanos. En aquel modelo se incluyó el familiar sonido de una campanilla cada vez que se hacia un transacción. El siguiente modelo se conoció como “la máquina de rollo de papel”, ya que Ritty colocó un rollo de papel de forma horizontal encima y a través de las teclas en el interior de la máquina. La registradora tenía además un perforador que abría huecos en columnas separadas. Cada columna representaba una moneda, de modo que cuando se pulsaba, por ejemplo, la tecla de 1 dólar, se perforaba el rollo de papel en la columna correspondiente. A cada venta realizada, el papel iba avanzando, de modo que al final del día sólo era necesario contar las perforaciones de cada columna para obtener la cifra total de las ventas. Cinco perforaciones en la columna de 1 dólar y una perforación en la columna de los 50 centavos correspondía a una venta total de 5 dólares con 50 centavos.
Este avanzado modelo fue el que llamó la atención del industrial John H. Patterson, quien compró tres de estas máquinas para su tienda de Coalton, Ohio. Aquellas cajas registradoras fueron las primeras que se instalaron en unos centros comerciales, un tipo de establecimientos muy diferentes a las cafeterías que regentaban Ritty y otros propietarios, que también la habían comprado. En poco tiempo, Patterson se convirtió en el pionero de la producción de cajas registradoras y convirtió su nombre en sinónimo de su desarrollo y distribución.
UN ÉXITO DE VENTAS
John H. Patterson decidió comprar tanto la empresa de los hermanos Ritty como la patente de su invento. En 1884 cambió el nombre de la empresa por National Cash Register Company. Patterson logró pasar de las 350 cajas vendidas en 1884 a los dos millones de unidades de 1922. El propio Ritty dijo de él: “Si cualquier otra persona distinta de John H. Patterson se hubiera hecho con el negocio de las cajas registradoras, éste no habría sido un éxito”. Patterson perfeccionó el diseño de esta máquina incluyendo un cajón-billetero y añadiendo un rollo de papel que servía para registrar las transacciones y dar al cliente un ticket de compra. En 1906, uno de los empleados de la National Cash Register Company, Charles F. Kettering, diseñó asimismo una caja registradora, pero ésta con un motor eléctrico. Años más tarde, mientras trabajaba General Motors, inventó un motor de arranque (encendido) eléctrico para un Cadillac. En 1882, Ritty abrió en Dayton otra cafetería a la que llamó Pony House, y encargó la remodelación del local a Barney and Smith Car Company, una empresa especializada en trabajos de ebanistería. El local se construyó de manera que las secciones izquierda y derecha parecieran el interior del vagón de pasajeros de un tren, con espejos gigantes con elementos curvos cubiertos de cuero labrados a mano en la parte superior y secciones con incrustaciones de espejo de bisel curvo en cada lado. Las iniciales JR se colocaron en el medio y el interior de la estancia. El Pony House fue demolido en 1967, pero el bar se salvó y hoy es el bar de Jay’s Seafood. Ritty se retiró del negocio de las tabernas en 1895. Murió a causa de problemas cardíacos mientras estaba en su casa. Está sepultado con su esposa Susan y su hermano John en el cementerio Woodland de Dayton.
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